The rapid emergence of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology has introduced a paradigm shift in the global financial landscape, posing both existential threats and unprecedented opportunities for traditional banking systems. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the impact of cryptocurrencies on the banking sector, synthesizing literature from 2020 to 2024. The study aims to evaluate how decentralized finance (DeFi) and digital assets are reshaping financial intermediation. Key findings highlight significant opportunities, including the potential for banks to enhance cross-border payment efficiency, reduce transaction costs, and improve financial inclusion for unbanked populations. Conversely, the paper identifies critical challenges, such as extreme market volatility, regulatory uncertainty regarding Anti-Money Laundering (AML) compliance, and the risk of disintermediation which threatens banks' traditional fee-based revenue models. Furthermore, the review discusses the strategic response of central banks through the development of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs). The paper concludes that rather than viewing cryptocurrencies solely as a competitive threat, traditional banks must adopt a hybrid approach—integrating blockchain technology to modernize infrastructure while adhering to robust regulatory frameworks. This evolution is essential for banks to remain relevant in the digital economy.

Cryptocurrency Traditional Banking Fintech Blockchain Technology Financial Inclusion CBDC Regulatory Challenges Decentralized Finance (DeFi).